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设备访问

类似基于 Chromium 的浏览器一样, Electron 也提供了通过 web API 访问设备硬件的方法。 大部分接口就像在浏览器调用的 API 一样，但有一些差异需要考虑到。 Electron和浏览器之间的主要区别是请求访问设备时发生的情况。 在浏览器中，用户可以在弹出窗口中允许访问单独的设备。 在 Electron API中，提供了可供开发者自动选择设备或提示用户通过开发者创建的接口选择设备。

Web Bluetooth API​

Web Bluetooth API 可以被用来连接蓝牙设备。 In order to use this API in Electron, developers will need to handle the select-bluetooth-device event on the webContents associated with the device request.

Additionally, ses.setBluetoothPairingHandler(handler) can be used to handle pairing to bluetooth devices on Windows or Linux when additional validation such as a pin is needed.

示例​

这个示例演示了一个 Electron 应用程序，当点击了 Test Bluetooth 按钮时，它会自动选择第一个可用的蓝牙设备。

docs/fiddles/features/web-bluetooth (33.2.1)Open in Fiddle
const { app, BrowserWindow, ipcMain } = require('electron/main')
const path = require('node:path')

let bluetoothPinCallback
let selectBluetoothCallback

function createWindow () {
  const mainWindow = new BrowserWindow({
    width: 800,
    height: 600,
    webPreferences: {
      preload: path.join(__dirname, 'preload.js')
    }
  })

  mainWindow.webContents.on('select-bluetooth-device', (event, deviceList, callback) => {
    event.preventDefault()
    selectBluetoothCallback = callback
    const result = deviceList.find((device) => {
      return device.deviceName === 'test'
    })
    if (result) {
      callback(result.deviceId)
    } else {
      // The device wasn't found so we need to either wait longer (eg until the
      // device is turned on) or until the user cancels the request
    }
  })

  ipcMain.on('cancel-bluetooth-request', (event) => {
    selectBluetoothCallback('')
  })

  // Listen for a message from the renderer to get the response for the Bluetooth pairing.
  ipcMain.on('bluetooth-pairing-response', (event, response) => {
    bluetoothPinCallback(response)
  })

  mainWindow.webContents.session.setBluetoothPairingHandler((details, callback) => {
    bluetoothPinCallback = callback
    // Send a message to the renderer to prompt the user to confirm the pairing.
    mainWindow.webContents.send('bluetooth-pairing-request', details)
  })

  mainWindow.loadFile('index.html')
}

app.whenReady().then(() => {
  createWindow()

  app.on('activate', function () {
    if (BrowserWindow.getAllWindows().length === 0) createWindow()
  })
})

app.on('window-all-closed', function () {
  if (process.platform !== 'darwin') app.quit()
})

WebHID API​

WebHID API 可以用于访问HID 设备，例如 键盘和游戏机。 Electron 提供了几个使用 WebHID API的接口：

  • The select-hid-device event on the Session can be used to select a HID device when a call to navigator.hid.requestDevice is made. Additionally the hid-device-added and hid-device-removed events on the Session can be used to handle devices being plugged in or unplugged when handling the select-hid-device event. 注意： 这些事件仅会在 select-hid-device 的回调之后被触发。 它们不能作为通用HID设备监听器使用。
  • 在第一次调用 navigator.hid.requestDevice 前, 可以通过 ses.setDevicePermissionHandler(handler) 给予设备默认权限, 此外，Electron的默认行为是在相应的WebContents的生命周期内存储已授予的设备权限。 如果需要更长期的存储，开发人员可以存储设备许可信息(比如: 在处理 select-hid-device 事件时), 然后通过 setDevicePermissionHandler 从存储的信息中读取
  • ses.setPermissionCheckHandler(handler) can be used to disable HID access for specific origins.

阻止列表​

默认情况下，Electron 使用与 Chromium 相同的 blocklist 如果您想要覆盖此行为，您可以通过设置 disable-hid-blocklist 标志来做到这一点：

app.commandLine.appendSwitch('disable-hid-blocklist')

示例​

This example demonstrates an Electron application that automatically selects HID devices through ses.setDevicePermissionHandler(handler) and through select-hid-device event on the Session when the Test WebHID button is clicked.

docs/fiddles/features/web-hid (33.2.1)Open in Fiddle
const { app, BrowserWindow } = require('electron/main')

function createWindow () {
  const mainWindow = new BrowserWindow({
    width: 800,
    height: 600
  })

  mainWindow.webContents.session.on('select-hid-device', (event, details, callback) => {
    // Add events to handle devices being added or removed before the callback on
    // `select-hid-device` is called.
    mainWindow.webContents.session.on('hid-device-added', (event, device) => {
      console.log('hid-device-added FIRED WITH', device)
      // Optionally update details.deviceList
    })

    mainWindow.webContents.session.on('hid-device-removed', (event, device) => {
      console.log('hid-device-removed FIRED WITH', device)
      // Optionally update details.deviceList
    })

    event.preventDefault()
    if (details.deviceList && details.deviceList.length > 0) {
      callback(details.deviceList[0].deviceId)
    }
  })

  mainWindow.webContents.session.setPermissionCheckHandler((webContents, permission, requestingOrigin, details) => {
    if (permission === 'hid' && details.securityOrigin === 'file:///') {
      return true
    }
  })

  mainWindow.webContents.session.setDevicePermissionHandler((details) => {
    if (details.deviceType === 'hid' && details.origin === 'file://') {
      return true
    }
  })

  mainWindow.loadFile('index.html')
}

app.whenReady().then(() => {
  createWindow()

  app.on('activate', function () {
    if (BrowserWindow.getAllWindows().length === 0) createWindow()
  })
})

app.on('window-all-closed', function () {
  if (process.platform !== 'darwin') app.quit()
})

Web Serial API​

Web Serial API 可以被用来访问串口设备比如 USB 或蓝牙。 In order to use this API in Electron, developers will need to handle the select-serial-port event on the Session associated with the serial port request.

有几个额外的 API 用于与 Web Serial API 合作：

  • The serial-port-added and serial-port-removed events on the Session can be used to handle devices being plugged in or unplugged when handling the select-serial-port event. 注意： 这些事件仅会在 select-serial-port 的回调之后被触发。 它们不能作为通用串口监听器使用。
  • 在第一次调用 navigator.serial.requestPort 前, 可以通过 ses.setDevicePermissionHandler(handler) 给予设备默认权限, 此外，Electron的默认行为是在相应的WebContents的生命周期内存储已授予的设备权限。 如果需要更长期的存储，开发人员可以存储设备许可信息(比如: 在处理 select-serial-port 事件时), 然后通过 setDevicePermissionHandler 从存储的信息中读取
  • ses.setPermissionCheckHandler(handler) can be used to disable serial access for specific origins.

示例​

This example demonstrates an Electron application that automatically selects serial devices through ses.setDevicePermissionHandler(handler) as well as demonstrating selecting the first available Arduino Uno serial device (if connected) through select-serial-port event on the Session when the Test Web Serial button is clicked.

docs/fiddles/features/web-serial (33.2.1)Open in Fiddle
const { app, BrowserWindow } = require('electron/main')

function createWindow () {
  const mainWindow = new BrowserWindow({
    width: 800,
    height: 600
  })

  mainWindow.webContents.session.on('select-serial-port', (event, portList, webContents, callback) => {
    // Add listeners to handle ports being added or removed before the callback for `select-serial-port`
    // is called.
    mainWindow.webContents.session.on('serial-port-added', (event, port) => {
      console.log('serial-port-added FIRED WITH', port)
      // Optionally update portList to add the new port
    })

    mainWindow.webContents.session.on('serial-port-removed', (event, port) => {
      console.log('serial-port-removed FIRED WITH', port)
      // Optionally update portList to remove the port
    })

    event.preventDefault()
    if (portList && portList.length > 0) {
      callback(portList[0].portId)
    } else {
      // eslint-disable-next-line n/no-callback-literal
      callback('') // Could not find any matching devices
    }
  })

  mainWindow.webContents.session.setPermissionCheckHandler((webContents, permission, requestingOrigin, details) => {
    if (permission === 'serial' && details.securityOrigin === 'file:///') {
      return true
    }

    return false
  })

  mainWindow.webContents.session.setDevicePermissionHandler((details) => {
    if (details.deviceType === 'serial' && details.origin === 'file://') {
      return true
    }

    return false
  })

  mainWindow.loadFile('index.html')

  mainWindow.webContents.openDevTools()
}

app.whenReady().then(() => {
  createWindow()

  app.on('activate', function () {
    if (BrowserWindow.getAllWindows().length === 0) createWindow()
  })
})

app.on('window-all-closed', function () {
  if (process.platform !== 'darwin') app.quit()
})

WebUSB API​

WebUSB API 可用于访问USB设备。 Electron提供了几个与WebUSB API配合使用的API：

示例​

This example demonstrates an Electron application that automatically selects USB devices (if they are attached) through ses.setDevicePermissionHandler(handler) and through select-usb-device event on the Session when the Test WebUSB button is clicked.

docs/fiddles/features/web-usb (33.2.1)Open in Fiddle
const { app, BrowserWindow } = require('electron/main')

function createWindow () {
  const mainWindow = new BrowserWindow({
    width: 800,
    height: 600
  })

  let grantedDeviceThroughPermHandler

  mainWindow.webContents.session.on('select-usb-device', (event, details, callback) => {
    // Add events to handle devices being added or removed before the callback on
    // `select-usb-device` is called.
    mainWindow.webContents.session.on('usb-device-added', (event, device) => {
      console.log('usb-device-added FIRED WITH', device)
      // Optionally update details.deviceList
    })

    mainWindow.webContents.session.on('usb-device-removed', (event, device) => {
      console.log('usb-device-removed FIRED WITH', device)
      // Optionally update details.deviceList
    })

    event.preventDefault()
    if (details.deviceList && details.deviceList.length > 0) {
      const deviceToReturn = details.deviceList.find((device) => {
        return !grantedDeviceThroughPermHandler || (device.deviceId !== grantedDeviceThroughPermHandler.deviceId)
      })
      if (deviceToReturn) {
        callback(deviceToReturn.deviceId)
      } else {
        callback()
      }
    }
  })

  mainWindow.webContents.session.setPermissionCheckHandler((webContents, permission, requestingOrigin, details) => {
    if (permission === 'usb' && details.securityOrigin === 'file:///') {
      return true
    }
  })

  mainWindow.webContents.session.setDevicePermissionHandler((details) => {
    if (details.deviceType === 'usb' && details.origin === 'file://') {
      if (!grantedDeviceThroughPermHandler) {
        grantedDeviceThroughPermHandler = details.device
        return true
      } else {
        return false
      }
    }
  })

  mainWindow.webContents.session.setUSBProtectedClassesHandler((details) => {
    return details.protectedClasses.filter((usbClass) => {
      // Exclude classes except for audio classes
      return usbClass.indexOf('audio') === -1
    })
  })

  mainWindow.loadFile('index.html')
}

app.whenReady().then(() => {
  createWindow()

  app.on('activate', function () {
    if (BrowserWindow.getAllWindows().length === 0) createWindow()
  })
})

app.on('window-all-closed', function () {
  if (process.platform !== 'darwin') app.quit()
})