За последние недели мы получили несколько вопросов о различиях между новыми WebView2 и Electron.
Обе команды поставили перед собой цель сделать веб-технологии максимально эффективными для настольных компьютеров, и обсуждается совместное всеобъемлющее сравнение.
Electron и WebView2это динамичные и постоянно развивающиеся проекты. Мы собрали краткий снимок сходства и различий между Electron и WebView2 в том виде, в каком они существуют сегодня.
Обзор архитектуры
Electron, и WebView2 основаны на исходном коде Chromium для рендеринга веб-контента. Строго говоря, WebView2 построен из исходного кода Edge, но Edge построен с использованием ветки исходного кода Chromium. Electron не использует библиотеки DLL совместно с Chrome. Двоичные файлы WebView2 жестко связаны с Edge (стабильный канал с Edge 90), поэтому они совместно используют диск и некоторый рабочий набор. См. Evergreen distribution mode для получения дополнительной информации.
Приложения Electron всегда комплектуют и распространяют точную версию Electron, с которой они были разработаны. WebView2 имеет два варианта распространения. Можно объединить именно ту библиотеку WebView2, с которой было разработано приложение, или использовать версию общей среды выполнения, которая уже может присутствовать в системе. WebView2 предоставляет инструменты для каждого подхода, включая установщик начальной загрузки на случай, если общая среда выполнения отсутствует. WebView2 поставляется папке «Входящие» начиная с Windows 11.
Applications that bundle their frameworks are responsible for updating those frameworks, including minor security releases. For apps using the shared WebView2 runtime, WebView2 has its own updater, similar to Chrome or Edge, that runs independent of your application. Updating the application's code or any of its other dependencies is still a responsibility for the developer, same as with Electron. Neither Electron nor WebView2 is managed by Windows Update.
Both Electron and WebView2 inherit Chromium’s multi-process architecture - namely, a single main process that communicates with one-or-more renderer processes. These processes are entirely separate from other applications running on the system. Every Electron application is a separate process tree, containing a root browser-process, some utility processes, and zero or more render processes. WebView2 apps that use the same user data folder (like a suite of apps would do), share non-renderer processes. WebView2 apps using different data folders do not share processes.
Read more about WebView2’s process model and Electron’s process model here.
Electron provides APIs for common desktop application needs such as menus, file system access, notifications, and more. WebView2 is a component meant to be integrated into an application framework such as WinForms, WPF, WinUI, or Win32. WebView2 does not provide operating system APIs outside the web standard via JavaScript.
Node.js is integrated into Electron. Electron applications may use any Node.js API, module, or node-native-addon from the renderer and main processes. A WebView2 application does not assume which language or framework the rest of your application is written in. Your JavaScript code must proxy any operating system access through the application-host process.
Electron strives to maintain compatibility with the web API, including APIs developed from the Fugu Project. We have a snapshot of Electron’s Fugu API compatibility. WebView2 maintains a similar list of API differences from Edge.
Electron has a configurable security model for web content, from full-access to full-sandbox. WebView2 content is always sandboxed. Electron has comprehensive security documentation on choosing your security model. WebView2 also has security best practices.
The Electron source is maintained and available on GitHub. Applications can modify can build their own brands of Electron. The WebView2 source is not available on GitHub.
Краткий итог:
| Electron | WebView2 |
|---|
| Build Dependency | Chromium | Edge |
| Source Available on GitHub | Да | Нет |
| Shares Edge/Chrome DLLs | Нет | Да (как в Edge 90) |
| Shared Runtime Between Applications | Нет | Опционально |
| Application APIs | Да | Нет |
| Node.js | Да | Нет |
| Песочница | Опционально | Всегда |
| Requires an Application Framework | Нет | Да |
| Поддерживаемые платформы | Mac, Win, Linux | Win (Запланировано Mac/Linux) |
| Process Sharing Between Apps | Никогда | Опционально |
| Framework Updates Managed By | Application | WebView2 |
When it comes to rendering your web content, we expect little performance difference between Electron, WebView2, and any other Chromium-based renderer. We created scaffolding for apps built using Electron, C++ + WebView2, and C# + WebView2 for those interested to investigate potential performance differences.
There are a few differences that come into play outside of rendering web content, and folks from Electron, WebView2, Edge, and others have expressed interest in working on a detailed comparison including PWAs.
Inter-Process Communication (IPC)
There is one difference we want to highlight immediately, as we believe it is often a performance consideration in Electron apps.
In Chromium, the browser process acts as an IPC broker between sandboxed renderers and the rest of the system. While Electron allows unsandboxed render processes, many apps choose to enable the sandbox for added security. WebView2 always has the sandbox enabled, so for most Electron and WebView2 apps IPC can impact overall performance.
Even though Electron and WebView2 have a similar process models, the underlying IPC differs. Communicating between JavaScript and C++ or C# requires marshalling, most commonly to a JSON string. JSON serialization/parsing is an expensive operation, and IPC-bottlenecks can negatively impact performance. Starting with Edge 93, WV2 will use CBOR for network events.
Electron supports direct IPC between any two processes via the MessagePorts API, which utilize the structured clone algorithm. Applications which leverage this can avoid paying the JSON-serialization tax when sending objects between processes.
Подводя итоги
Electron and WebView2 have a number of differences, but don't expect much difference with respect to how they perform rendering web content. Ultimately, an app’s architecture and JavaScript libraries/frameworks have a larger impact on memory and performance than anything else because Chromium is Chromium regardless of where it is running.
Special thanks to the WebView2 team for reviewing this post, and ensuring we have an up-to-date view of the WebView2 architecture. They welcome any feedback on the project.
